In the evolving landscape of education, the bedrock of a child’s academic journey lies in foundational literacy and numeracy (FLN). These early skills not only determine future academic success but also shape a child’s ability to navigate the world. The Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2024 sheds light on the current state of FLN in India, highlighting both progress and areas needing attention.

📚 Why FLN Matters

Foundational literacy encompasses the ability to read and comprehend text, while numeracy involves understanding and applying basic mathematical concepts. These skills are crucial as they form the basis for more complex learning in subjects like science, social studies, and technology. Without a strong FLN foundation, students often struggle with higher-order thinking and problem-solving, leading to long-term academic challenges.

📊 Key Findings from ASER 2024

The ASER 2024 report provides a comprehensive overview of FLN levels across rural India, focusing on children aged 6 to 14 years. The findings indicate a positive trend in both literacy and numeracy, signaling a recovery from the setbacks caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Reading Skills

• Class 3: The percentage of students in government schools who can read a Class 2-level text increased from 16.3% in 2022 to 23.4% in 2024.
  
• Class 5: Students reading at least a Class 2-level text rose from 42.8% in 2022 to 48.8% in 2024.
  
• Class 8: Reading ability improved slightly from 66.2% in 2022 to 67.5% in 2024.
  

Arithmetic Skills

• Class 3: The ability to solve basic subtraction problems increased from 25.9% in 2022 to 33.7% in 2024.
  
• Class 5: The percentage of students who can perform division rose from 25.6% in 2022 to 30.7% in 2024.
  
• Class 8: Arithmetic proficiency showed a marginal increase from 44.1% in 2018 to 45.8% in 2024.

🏫 Government Schools Leading the Way

Notably, government schools have demonstrated significant strides in enhancing FLN. For instance, Uttar Pradesh saw a remarkable 15 percentage point increase in Class 3 reading levels, from 12.3% in 2018 to 27.9% in 2024. This improvement is attributed to targeted interventions under the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which emphasizes FLN as a national priority.

🌱 The Role of Early Childhood Education

ASER 2024 also highlights the importance of early childhood education in laying the groundwork for FLN. Enrollment in pre-primary institutions for children aged 3 to 5 years has steadily increased, reaching 77.4% in 2024. Early exposure to structured learning environments fosters cognitive development and prepares children for formal schooling.

⚠️ Areas Requiring Attention

Despite the progress, challenges remain. A significant proportion of students still struggle with basic FLN skills. For example, 76% of Class 3 students, 55.2% of Class 5 students, and 32.5% of Class 8 students cannot read a Class 2-level text. These gaps underscore the need for sustained efforts and resources to ensure that every child acquires essential literacy and numeracy skills.

🔍 Looking Ahead

To enhance Foundational Literacy and Numeracy, a multi-pronged, inclusive, and sustained approach is necessary. Here are key strategies that can be adopted at various levels — from policy to classroom — to improve FLN outcomes:

1. Early Childhood Education (ECE) Investment

• Strengthen Anganwadi centers and pre-schools by integrating play-based and language-rich activities.
• Train ECE teachers in age-appropriate pedagogies that promote early language and math skills.
• Encourage parental involvement at the early stages to build a literacy-rich home environment.

2. Teacher Training and Support

• Continuous Professional Development (CPD) for teachers on FLN-focused pedagogy, classroom management, and inclusive education practices.
• Use of formative assessments to tailor teaching based on student needs.
• Create peer-learning communities for teachers to share best practices and resources.

3. Use of Technology and Learning Aids

• Deploy low-cost edtech tools (such as DIKSHA, ePathshala) that support foundational learning, especially in local languages.
• Provide interactive and engaging learning materials — storybooks, manipulatives, number games, flashcards.
• Monitor learning progress through digital dashboards to inform policy and interventions.
  

4. Parental and Community Involvement

• Conduct literacy and numeracy awareness campaigns for parents to understand their role.
• Organize community reading sessions or math clubs to engage children beyond school hours.
• Encourage local volunteers and youth to support remedial learning efforts in villages and urban slums.
  

5. Data-Driven Governance and Monitoring

• Regular learning assessments at the school and district level such as ASER or NAS to monitor progress.
• Use of data analytics to identify learning gaps and allocate resources efficiently.

Set measurable FLN goals at the school, block, and state levels with accountability mechanisms.

The impact of technology is being felt across the education sector. With an ever-increasing need for literacy and numeracy skills required to succeed in today’s society, educators are looking for new ways to address this challenge. As a result, not only has online learning become the de-facto standard for education but it is also accompanied by massive changes in how we look at and interact with educational content, information and services. In fact, the NEP 2020 places technology at the core of its purpose: it underscores India’s need to move from a teacher-centric, textbook-based pedagogy to a student-centric inquiry, problem-based learning approach.

🖊️ The Need for Building Foundational Literacy and Numeracy

The impact of technology is being felt across the education sector.
With an ever-increasing need for literacy and numeracy skills required to succeed in today’s society, educators are looking for new ways to address this challenge. As a result, not only has online learning become the de-facto standard for education but it is also accompanied by massive changes in how we look at and interact with educational content, information and services. In fact, the NEP 2020 places technology at the core of its purpose: it underscores India’s need to move from a teacher-centric, textbook-based pedagogy to a student-centric inquiry, problem-based learning approach.

🖊️ The Need for Building Foundational Literacy and Numeracy

The world needs individuals skilled at reading, writing and arithmetics – the three R’s – as these are essential for success in any field of study or career path. The fact that millennials are becoming parents, they should pay close attention to ensure that their children receive a solid foundation. These need to be inculcated from an early age so that they can succeed later in life. The last two years have witnessed a flurry of activity from teachers, parents, and students in low-income families to find innovative ways to share the power of learning and reading between individuals that can’t physically be together.

While it can be argued that this technology is not necessarily replacing teachers, it is undoubtedly changing how they teach. The percentage of rural households owning Internet-compatible devices has steadily increased by 31% over the last 4 years, reaching 68%. 

Edtech has made it possible for students to access their teachers through the internet and communicate with them in real-time. Additionally, students can access lectures and recordings on their mobile devices or tablets. It has also revolutionized teaching methods by incorporating technology into classrooms, such as interactive whiteboards, tablets, laptops and other technologies. These have helped improve student performance by making their learning more relevant, flexible and engaging.

Here are some of the ways edtech is enabling foundational literacy and numeracy skills in children:

🖊️ Helping Kids Develop Early Reading Skills

Research shows that early reading skills are critical to future success in school and beyond. To help children develop these skills at an early age, many apps feature interactive stories with highlighted text and voice narration so kids can hear the story instead of having to read it themselves. These features make it easier for kids to follow along with each sentence as they listen to the narrator read aloud from within the app. Some apps also have built-in quizzes that test your child’s understanding of what they just listened to — another excellent way for kids to practice their new reading abilities!

🖊️ Providing Direct Instruction in Phonics and Spelling

When students are given explicit instruction in phonics and spelling rules, they learn these skills much faster compared to when they are left to figure things out independently. Many edtech programs provide interactive games and activities that teach students basic spelling rules by reinforcing correct letter combinations as they practice writing words over time. They also often include quizzes that allow teachers to assess how well students understand these rules so they can adjust their instructions accordingly.

🖊️ Teaching Reading Comprehension

Reading comprehension is perhaps the most crucial skill for all students to develop, but it can be incredibly challenging for those who have been out of school for several years or who have learning disabilities that make it difficult for them to decode words on sight. Edtech tools like read-aloud programs, online text-to-speech software, and interactive storybook apps can help struggling readers work on their comprehension skills by reading aloud to them while they follow along with a book or watch the words appear on screen as they read aloud.

🖊️ The Use of EdTech in Schools

When children are exposed to educational apps, they are allowed to explore, interact and learn in different ways than they otherwise might have. The devices keep them engaged through various interactive games, puzzles and quizzes. This helps young learners develop their problem-solving skills, critical thinking abilities and their sense of wonder. In addition, educational apps offer a way for students to practice the foundational skills of literacy and numeracy outside the classroom.

Some teachers create lesson plans incorporating educational apps into the classroom, while others rely on the devices as supplemental tools. With newer devices like augmented reality glasses, students can experience learning in new ways that let them discover new concepts through hands-on experiences. Educational apps can be used with an inexpensive tablet or smartphone at home or in the classroom. They provide another way for parents to help their children develop foundational skills in a fun way.

As a pedagogy-driven organization, we at Square Panda India are constantly in pursuit of improvements and betterment for the future of early education. In order to maintain a high level of professional expertise, we focus on research, technology, training institutes, and best practices to cater to the demands of the changing educational environment in India. 

The first edition of Square Panda India’s ‘Pencil Power Report’ (PPR), the brainchild of Ashish Jhalani, President International Markets at Square Panda, was released ahead of Children’s Day. Some of the country’s top minds were brought together to outline a future course for ECCE in India. “The report symbolises hope and recognises that we have a very progressive government, capable of hardcore implementation,” quotes Ashish Jhalani.

Foundational Learning is an essential building block for the future knowledge we are yet to attain, for it provides the essential fundamentals of reading, writing, vocabulary, mathematics and literacy skills needed by school-aged children. If children fall behind in the early years of schooling, they are likely to underperform and fail to achieve their full potential. 

In India, many children do not have access to a preschool or childcare program, and there are very few pre-primary schools that focus on the needs of very young children. To ensure all children are on the same playing field with respect to learning, it is crucial to prioritize education during these early years.

The Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM) released a report on the State of Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN) in India, highlighting the importance of FLN in the Indian context. The report establishes a composite index on the five key domains that govern the learning environment for children aged below ten across 41 indicators. These domains include:

1. Education infrastructure 
2. Access to education 
3. Basic health 
4. Learning outcomes, and 
5. Governance. 

The methodology adopted to assign the weight in the index is Principal Component Analysis (PCA).

The study indicates that some states lagged behind in the Governance pillar, with over half of the states scored below the national average—the lowest across all pillars. This data helps states assess their budgetary measures and identify any gaps hampering progress in education.

Following are some key takeaways from the report:

• Kerala leads the pack as the top-scoring region among smaller states, with a score of 67.95
• West Bengal is the top-scoring region among large states, with a score of 58.95. 
• Lakshadweep is the leading Union Territory with a score of 52.69, while Mizoram is the highest ranked state in the Northeast state category, with 51.64%. 
• Some states score higher than others on the issue of access to education. Rajasthan and Gujarat score 25.67 and 22.28, respectively, whereas Bihar scores 18.23%. By contrast, the northeastern states as a whole do significantly better in terms of access to education. The states in this region average 51.3%.
• The educational standards in Kerala are vastly different from the rest of the country. This significant variation has been noticed in the learning outcomes and educational infrastructure, which needs immediate attention from all the states. There is a marked difference in the percentage of literacy in various states. The highest literacy rate was recorded in Kerala, with 96.2%. The lowest was registered in Rajasthan, with 69.7%.
• The findings in the report reveal a literacy gap between males and females. While the national literacy rate for males is 84.7%, the literacy rate for females is only 70.3%.
• Although all states can gain critical insights from high performers, they can also learn from each other, even if some are lower performers. Finding out what is working in other states when addressing challenges might be a helpful starting point. 

Speaking at the report’s release, Dr. Bibek Debroy, Chairman, EAC-PM, said, “Education leads to positive externalities, and the quality of education imparted is essential, especially during the formative years. The present attainments in literacy and numeracy and the variations among states should be the focus for remedial action.”

Offering his perspective, Square Panda India MD Ashish Jhalani had this to say: “Right education, accessibility to resources, teacher-child relationship and lastly educational infrastructure especially in rural areas are the key areas which our country needs to focus on. Expansion of technology in education will not replace teachers but enhance the solutions for children in the existing education system.”

The report, co-authored by Square Panda India MD Ashish Jhalani, presents evidence of factors contributing to India’s low learning outcomes in early grades and offers pathways for improvements. 

To read the full report, click here: https://competitiveness.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Report_on_state_of_foundational_learning_and_numeracy_web_version.pdf 

Square Panda India has been at the forefront of research in education technology and is now leveraging that to deliver high-quality early learning products to preschool children across India. With our research in pedagogy, we have configured our content and blended it with an interactive digital platform to be specific to the Indian content standards and benchmarks highlighted by the National Education Policy. As kids become increasingly tech-savvy, it’s essential to develop them as critical and creative thinkers at an early age so that they can meet the demands of today’s fast-paced world.

To know more about our work across the education ecosystem, visit https://ecce.squarepanda.in/ 

Picture this. ⬇

Multilingual early learning classrooms boast a diverse group of learners. At least half of them are introduced to English as a subject. Most such children have a completely different home language than English. And most of their everyday environments are devoid of any English literature whatsoever. In some cases, even in environments not devoid of the language, these children are too young to have gained much exposure to English. Most have only learnt their native language correctly, and English then becomes a ‘second language.’

In this scenario—which holds true for most young learners across India’s early learning landscape—learning a new language, be it English or a regional language, is most fun through stories. While the languages themselves may be vastly different, with cultural, linguistic, and other distinctions, stories themselves are universal. These stories become a relatable bridge that help kids understand this new language in a familiar light. Additionally, stories for younger children tap into the main emotions all children will be able to identify — surprise, hunger, joy, anger, and even sorrow.

HOW STORIES BENEFIT ENGLISH LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

*and any other second-language acquisition

• When children listen to stories, they build their oral language skills. When they begin reading, they build their emergent literacy skills. They gain exposure and are able to practice sounding out letters and words—and later, sentences—in English. This is one of the most important steps in learning a new language — simply observing the language and allowing the brain to pick up patterns in the background. Once this initial process has been accomplished, the brain adds observations to specific types of patterns, like what some groups of words look like or sound like (i.e., word families), how sounds come together to form words, and how words can be split up into individual sounds. Every observation affects children’s perception and processing power of the language.
  *What are word families? ‘Word family’ can refer to any grouping of words based on a particular pattern. Square Panda’s educational games refer to word families that have the same ending sound and spelling, like SAP-NAP-TAP and MAT-SAT-PAT.
  *Why teach word families? It helps a young brain process information faster when there is a certain pattern to the knowledge they are exposed to. Word families are one type of pattern that helps children process words in their head more easily.

• A fun tale that is accompanied by clear illustrations and pictures—as found in most books for young readers—are crucial to develop comprehension skills. For children who have been exposed to vocabulary and words in their native language, these images give them meaning and context. For instance, vocabulary instruction for English language acquisition would include explaining the fact that ‘tree’ means ‘पेड़’ and ‘home’ means ‘घर’. However, their memory would struggle under the weight of too many new words being taught at the same time, especially if there is little repetition of certain vocabulary. Instead of stand-alone words, when children are exposed to a new language via stories and pictures, the context and narrative helps them remember new words more clearly.

• The above narrative also taps into another basic characteristic of stories—a good story is always emotionally engaging. When we are emotionally engaged with a story, it automatically hammers a place for itself in our memory. This is why the plotline of the Aamir Khan movie “Lagaan” is at the tip of your tongue, but you might struggle to remember the year the Constitution of India was adopted. This also means that children learning English find it much easier to remember a brand new language when presented in the form of an emotionally engaging story.

NOTE: ‘Emotionally engaging’ differs as per the age. A 34-year-old might like to read about the future of education in the age of AI, but for a 4-year-old, a little animal trying to find somewhere to nap is the most engaging story of all.

• Stories have also been shown to help children develop social cognition a.k.a. emotional intelligence. This refers to having an understanding of others in society and behaving in an accordingly cooperative way. For instance, stories can help children develop empathy, i.e., understanding that others are also people with feelings and emotions, thoughts and experiences. They merit being treated in a caring and respectful way. This concept of emotional intelligence—while basic and natural on the surface—is a complex idea that children have to develop and is not something they are automatically born into. Stories with a ‘moral’ at the end, characters that exhibit characteristics like kindness, thoughtfulness, and caring, all help children develop this understanding.

BUILDING A READING HABIT AS OPPOSED TO A SIMPLE READING LESSON

A reader can aptly describe the joys of sitting down with a book. How the words can take people to unexplored lands, how the thoughts expressed can encourage innovative thought, and how each new book inspires and uplifts people. This is not all that reading offers. A regular reading habit can enhance vocabulary, strengthen memory, decrease stress, and strengthen the connections in your brain in multiple ways. Bringing stories into the equation early on in a child’s life helps adults nurture the reading habit, turning these pre-readers into lifelong readers.

WHY SHORT STORIES ARE BETTER FOR EARLY LEARNERS

For children, most of whom have short attention spans at that age, short stories can optimise the learning process by hitting the balance between fun and tiring. Remember, most of them are just beginning to learn through the simple act of reading or listening to a story. As they start to explore various concepts like comprehension, social cognition, and patterns, short stories help them stay challenged and yet, not overwhelmed with too much information.

HOW SQUARE PANDA TEACHES CHILDREN FOUNDATIONAL LITERACY

An interpretive story forms the base for all of our educational games and apps. Two main characters, Panda and Cameo, are joined by a host of other animals accompanied by mini-storylines, for the purpose of driving learning through gamification. Each part of our curriculum is well-suited to engage a young brain, and adapts as per their individual learning levels. We carefully designed each part of our offerings with the understanding that children learn best when they are engaged, and there is nothing more engaging than a story.

To know more about our programs under the Aarambh initiative, visit our website ecce.squarepanda.in.

“We need technology in every classroom and in every student and teacher’s hand, because it is the pen and paper of our time, and it is the lens through which we experience much of our world.” – David Warlick

As educator and author David Warlick reminds us, technology is permeating every sphere, and it has the potential to revolutionise learning as we know it. Bringing Information and Communication Technologies (or ICT) into the classroom can lead to greater developmental outcomes. Research shows structured exposure to thoughtfully constructed and well informed choices of technology supports young learners in many aspects of learning – language development and development of mathematical thinking. It also provides an opportunity for children with special needs to explore information on their own or with a little support from adults.

What Are The Benefits Of Using Technology In Education?

To keep up with the changing pace of education and to gain 21^st century skills, technology needs to be interwoven into the early curriculum. As children live in a world dominated by technology and digitisation, we need to adapt our teaching styles to how they want to learn. Here are some key advantages to using ICT in education.

• Increased student engagement, as evidenced by research
• Technology can penetrate far-flung geographical regions, increasing access and promoting equitable learning
• Educators and caregivers find it easier to track and monitor children’s performance when they are using technology
• Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning have taken ICT to a new level; adaptive, personalised instruction enhances technology offerings
• Taking certain manual tasks online means teachers spend less time on paperwork
• At its core and used effectively, ICT builds a bridge between students of different learning levels

The History Of ICT In Indian Education

June 1923
India’s first brush with ICT in education came with a radio broadcast by the Radio Club of Mumbai.

The 1930s
The BBC aired educational and cultural programs in India through broadcast radio.

1937
All India Radio broadcasted educational programs for school children.

1961
Educational Television (ETV), a pilot project by UNESCO and the Ford Foundations, was introduced in secondary schools in Delhi.

1984
For the first time in India, computers were used for education, in the Computer Literacy and Studies in School (CLASS) project.

2002
Gyan Vani, an educational radio station for all learners, including adults, came on air.

December 2004
The concept of ICT is introduced in schools.

2010
The Central Government revised this concept to include secondary school students too.

2020
The National Education Policy highlights the need for a dedicated unit to develop digital infrastructure and digital content, and increase India’s ICT-based educational initiatives.

*sources: Agrawal, 2005; Mohanty, 1984; NEP 2020

Leading early childhood experts have been studying the effect of the pandemic and subsequent disruption in learning. According to the UNESCO-UNICEF-World Bank survey on National Education responses to Covid-19 school closures, television-based remote learning policies have the potential to reach the highest proportion of students (62%), which amounts to almost 930 million students worldwide. Stakeholders across the Indian educational ecosystem have been tapping into this opportunity, leveraging technology like TV and radio to reach a larger subset of the student population.

A UNICEF report on India mentions, “School closures have impacted 247 million children enrolled in elementary and secondary education and 28 million children enrolled in pre-schools and Anganwadi centers. This is in addition to the more than 6 million girls and boys who were already out of school before the Covid-19 crisis.” 

Recognising how the school closures could lead to a devastating learning loss, pandemic-driven ICT initiatives took learning from the classroom into homes around India.

ICT-Driven Initiatives Across India

BY GOVERNMENTS

Chhattisgarh: The state’s dense forest cover impedes its ability to digitally connect with all young learners. To overcome this, the state launched multiple initiatives during the lockdown. They started local classes called ‘Padhai Tuhar Para’, during which study material was shared via Bluetooth. They even crowdsourced content from teachers, NGOs, and other content development firms at zero cost.

Kerala: This government launched virtual classes through their educational television channel called Kerala Infrastructure and Technology for Education (KITE), which had launched in 2005. This government had already digitally linked classes – even primary classes – well before the pandemic hit, and transitioning online was relatively seamless.

Maharashtra: The Government of Maharashtra partnered with the Department of School Education and UNICEF (only technical support) to keep learning going. Their program – named The Learning from Home Package – comprises educational content from various technological platforms like TV, radio, and the internet, and is shared daily with parents and children to ensure even the most vulnerable receive educational support. 

Madhya Pradesh: This state envisioned a new learning initiative called DigiLEP, integrating digital learning with classroom teaching in the post-Covid era, using one of the most widely used phone apps – WhatsApp. 

*These initiatives make these states the perfect launching pad for the World Bank’s STARS project, which will provide USD 500 million to the governments of Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha and Rajasthan, to support and strengthen the quality of school education.

BY ORGANISATIONS, NGOS, & INDIVIDUALS

SmarterED Platform by Lenovo: The technology company partnered with Vidyalaya, a non-profit, to enable volunteer teachers to educate young students from grades 5 to 12.

School-to-Home by Square Panda India: Square Panda’s ‘School-to-Home’ program recognises the importance of keeping the learning going and is extending education beyond school boundaries. Using blended learning and AI based technology, our system allows children to learn and improve their literacy skills even when they are physically distant from schools. Additionally, teachers can stay connected to students’ learning and build a partnership with parents too.

Individual Efforts By Educators And Anganwadi Workers: Adding to the national, international, and local efforts are the bravehearts fighting to deliver learning – our educators and Anganwadi workers. Meet some inspiring folks innovating during the learning crisis, here.

Challenges To Integrating ICT In Education

• Usage of technology is subject to its availability. This digital availability is intermittent at best across multiple regions in India, although measures have been taken to shore up these access gaps.
• Integrating technology into preschool and early education requires the presence of skilled educators and facilitators who can deal with issues as they crop up. Training teachers in ever-evolving technologies, regularly upgrading their skills, and keeping them informed of the latest developments and best practices is a Herculean task.
• Learning centres need the latest hardware and software for effective integration of digital technology. Setting up such facilities needs large investments on the part of the educational institutions and governments.
• Without guidance and effective integration, ICT has the potential to turn active engagement into passive use, affecting children’s cognitive, social, and emotional development.

3 Strategies To Incorporate ICT In Early Education

1. Continuous Training & Assistance For Educators: The involvement of educators and caregivers is critical to the success of technology integration in early learning centres.  Teachers need skilling in ICT to understand how technology can be used as a lesson delivery platform to present information to children. Additionally, regular training can overcome the initial resistance to technology in the classroom, and constant support serves to give educators more confidence as they use technology to drive learning outcomes.
2. Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): Leveraging private organisation funds and technology in public schools can solve accessibility issues and raise infrastructure support across grassroots. The public sector will also benefit from the constant innovation and security protocols that are in place in such private entities.
3. Create Blended Or Hybrid Learning Centres: This model combines new-age technology with traditional methods of learning to get best results out of both. For example, traditionally, a teacher would use flashcards, story books, and puppets to tell a story. New dimensions can be added using a digital drawing board, or even by an app that makes sounds to enhance storytelling time.
   *Read our expert suggestions on how to set up blended classrooms easily.

Square Panda India & ICT

At Square Panda, we recognise the importance of equipping educators with technological know-how. Our educator empowerment programs include basic training about ICT, where we include topics about cyber safety and age-appropriate digital tools too. Our aim is to empower educators and help them use various tools and platforms effectively for teaching and learning, which in turn improves their professional development. Our programs are built to shape the future of our nation by transforming the way educators teach.

Square Panda India MD, Ashish Jhalani, remarks that “Many young children are first time technology users. Even before the pandemic increased edutech usage in schools, we saw how digital literacy improved over just a short time with our program. Children went from having no exposure to digital tools to being able to use tablets and mobile apps with ease. All this apart from the foundational literacy skills these children picked up.”

How do you use technology for teaching and learning in early childhood education? Comment below.

Did you know that becoming literate in any language does not come naturally to young children?

A study done by UNESCO in 2012 states that approximately 250 million school-aged children across the globe hadn’t learnt how to read. Studies also show that the ability of kids to finish their education successfully is highly correlated to their ability to read proficiently by third grade. If this is not achieved, it is very difficult for children to catch up in later years.

As the internet revolution sweeps the world, developing a reading habit has never been more important. Inculcating this reading habit starts early on, and is often taught alongside other essential cognitive skills. The surface understanding is simple. Young learners are introduced to letters and their sounds. Their exposure to the language grows in complexity as they move from one level to the next, learning words, then sentences, and finally developing some level of literacy in that language.

We recognise the efforts educators make towards this goal, and have done our best to deliver a deeper understanding of the neuroscience behind developing foundational literacy skills in early childhood. We researched reading and its effect on the early brain, and this is what we learnt: 

Neuroplasticity And Its Impact On The Reading Brain

• One of the most important findings in neuroscience research has been ‘neuroplasticity’, which is the ability of the brain to change and form new connections as it learns new things. These very changes are responsible for people learning to read. In fact, neuroplasticity is said to be the basis of all learning.

How It Begins:

• As a child is born, their brains form small connections with each new experience, which gradually turn into neural pathways. If unused, these connections soon disappear. However, this little learner’s brain does not automatically know how to read, because from an evolutionary point of view, the writing system is relatively new (the first writing system came about only around 5000 years ago, which is ‘new’ in evolutionary terms; the brain never needed to adapt to the task of reading). The reading skill is, as a result, an acquired one which requires many years of practice. This is where neuroplasticity kicks in, by helping teach a brain how to read. That is also why early education experts recommend reading stories to babies as young as six months of age, to enhance their neural connections.

To Preschoolers…

• Studies conducted on the reading brain show that the best impact happens when reading instruction is given to learners at the preschool and kindergarten level. 
• In fact, focusing on the phonology of a language before teaching early learners the language has a bigger impact on their future education. When educators teach children to recognise letters and words, they are helping them grow new functional regions in their brain.

And Finally, To Practiced Readers:

• When a child is learning to read, what he/she is trying to do is, taking sounds of the language represented in the auditory cortex (the part of the head above the ears), and mapping it to symbols in the visual cortex (the lowest part at the back of the head). This joins together to connect and form a word. That’s why reading is a circuit; it is not a specific area of the brain. When the brain does this again and again and again, it begins to behave like a muscle. Thus, today, when you are able to read effortlessly, it is because your brain has mastered how to map these symbols and sounds together. As a consequence, over a period of time, children might start out as being auditory learners, but eventually become visual learners.

Connecting Speech To The Written Word

Before we learn how to read, words are just meaningless scribbles on a page. They are objects we don’t naturally know or come into contact with, unlike the spoken word. Every child learns to speak before they can read. He/she is exposed to vocabulary by the adults around them on a constant basis. Unfortunately, there is no link between the spoken word, and the written word (or print concepts). So far, words were the initial mode of communication for kids, and when schooling starts, suddenly, they are told that these little symbols (individual letters) are the new mode of communication. They now have to reorganize their brain to match the words to a writing system. What children try to do, as they begin to read, is figure out how to connect the words heard with the written symbols they can see.

Note: Like muscle memory, a young child’s brain slowly makes the connection between the auditory form and the visual form, and the child is now reading. That is also how an auditory learner turns into a visual learner.

Reading And The Indian Brain

• Early learners in India are the only ones in the world who learn two writing systems simultaneously–the Roman/Latin writing system (for e.g. English) and the Devanagari (for e.g. Hindi, Marathi) writing system. As a child becomes a practised reader, a specific part of their brain becomes associated with recognising letter strings, often called the ‘visual word-form area’. In adult Indians who are skilled readers of two writing systems, we find two ‘visual word-form areas’.
• Children take longer to read Indian writing systems than they do English, because of the challenges these systems pose for them – complex script, multiple writing systems, and more. Additionally, when children learn a language, in the beginning, it is the spoken word that communicates meaning. Once they start formal schooling, they are told that they have to use little symbolic representations (a.k.a. letters); now those are the relevant units for communicating.

In a study conducted by cognitive neuroscientist Dr. Nandini Chatterjee Singh, a school whose primary mode of instruction was Hindi saw much better overall results in its students than a school which taught primarily in English. This is because the early exposure of understanding word sounds in Hindi transferred to English. Her study found that gains from teaching children their native language first might be slower, but has a much bigger impact.

The above evidence proves that an Indian educator’s job is doubly hard – they are trying to inculcate lifelong reading skills into just-developing brains; plus, evolution has not caught up to them yet. Additionally, their students are being introduced to two or more languages simultaneously. 

Now that you know how much of an effort reading takes and what an achievement it is, how proud will you be when your students learn new words? Stay tuned for new articles on early reading, early literacy, and Square Panda India, and visit ecce.squarepanda.in for information on our teaching-learning programs that focus on building a more literate India.

Ours is a world brimming with myriad cultures. Often, large segments of this teeming population have a working knowledge of more than two languages, making them multilingual. Estimates indicate that now on an average, one in three people all over the world are bilingual or multilingual (Wei, 2000). 

Given India’s diversity, many children across our nation grow up in a multilingual environment, surrounded by varied languages and dialects.

How India’s Multilingualism Gives Us A Benefit

Understanding and using more than one language is a critical benefit, opening doors for more academic and employment opportunities in a highly competitive world. A study conducted on bilingual and monolingual Konds-speaking children in Odisha (Mohanty, 2000) showed multilingual children both inside and out of schools had an advantage over their monolingual peers with respect to their cognitive and intellectual skills. Says Dr. Nandini Chatterjee Singh (PhD, Cognitive Neuroscientist from National Brain Research Centre, on deputation to UNESCO-MGIEP), “Unlike everywhere else in the world, in India, we do everything differently. We are the only country in the world that exposes our children to read two distinct writing systems.”

In a TedX talk, applied linguistics professor Panos Athanasopoulos remarked that we do not necessarily need both eyes to see as one eye does the job just as well. However, having a pair of functional eyes helps us see three dimensional objects, in high definition. Both eyes see objects in slightly different dimensions; the brain then maps these images and combines them into one multidimensional image. The same way, learning and using multiple languages present different world views and cultures to the mind, which helps us see the world in a different way.

Challenges Multilingual Classrooms Face

A multilingual student population requires educators and Anganwadi workers who can converse or simply understand multiple languages. This is especially true of many primary education facilities across India, where one teacher/worker is responsible for imparting knowledge on various subjects. To explain content when they are not well-versed in at least one common language themselves, will deprive children of a chance at holistic early education and the opportunity to flourish in a global environment. 

However, realistically, in a country with 22 official languages and numerous dialects (recognised and otherwise), one teacher may not always be proficient in the language(s) of a respective region. Few early childhood educators are fluent in more than one language, and fewer receive training in cultural and linguistic diversity. Additionally, today’s population speaks such an array of languages and dialects that it is entirely possible for bilingual or even multilingual educators to have no context for their students’ languages.

Lessons To Support Multilingualism In The Classroom

• Non-verbal communication is key: When encountering an unfamiliar dialect or language in the classroom, educators and Anganwadi workers can increase responsiveness by active listening and gesturing. This also helps communicate caring to a child, especially when you cannot understand or speak their first language.
• Support development of multiple languages simultaneously: Data and multiple studies establish how bilingual and multilingual children outperform their monolingual peers. Every early learning stakeholder must be similarly aligned towards fostering inclusive growth by enhancing multi-language acquisition.
• Encourage learning in pairs: Strong social and emotional foundations support all other learning, a fact that authors Iliana Alanís and María G. Arreguín-Anderson prove in their paper ‘Paired Learning: Strategies for Enhancing Social Competence in Dual Language Classrooms.‘ Their observation of children in dual language classrooms, from preschool to first grade led them to the conclusion that learning in pairs increased conversational opportunities for dual language learners and greatly reduced their stress. This in turn led to better overall learning outcomes.
• Take time to explain one word in multiple languages: Languages often have varying degrees of similarity to each other, something that educators and Anganwadi workers can use to enhance a child’s foundational literacy skills. From here, the explanation can move to how one word changes across languages. For example, the word ‘flower’ is pronounced and written the same way in Hindi (फूल) and in Marathi (फूल).

Learning to speak and read in multiple languages is healthy for the brain as it requires more concentration, focus and thought, which conditions our mind to handle a higher cognitive load. Learning a language alongside a child’s native language prepares them for the future, opening up a world that is not accessible to them otherwise. Additionally, a workforce filled with multilingual workers, who can speak different languages with confidence, will help improve income levels and socio-economic quality in our country.

At Square Panda India, we believe that in a multilingual country like India, children AND educators need to be well-versed in more than one language to properly succeed in the future. Our Aarambh initiative, which immerses educators, Anganwadi workers, and children in local languages, will greatly impact India’s early learning landscape. Learn more: ecce.squarepanda.in

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The early years are the most crucial period of brain development, research shows. In this time frame, young learners need to be introduced to essential life skills like cognitive reasoning, socio-emotional development, motor skills, foundational literacy and numeracy, and more, to enhance their future success, as well as impact the future of the entire nation.

The revolutionary National Education Policy released in June 2020 reviewed the definition of Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE), stating, “ECCE ideally consists of flexible, multi-faceted, multi-level, play-based, activity-based, and inquiry-based learning, comprising of alphabets, languages, numbers, counting, colours, shapes, indoor and outdoor play, puzzles and logical thinking, problem-solving, drawing, painting and other visual art, craft, drama and puppetry, music and movement”.

According to NCERT data, only 14% of the Indian classrooms utilize teaching materials beyond the content-heavy textbooks. With the new direction as the NEP 2020 envisions, there is a need to go beyond the existing rote learning method and move towards a more experiential learning approach in teaching and learning methodologies. Educators are now required to change their mindset, while the conventional curriculum, assessments, and teaching practices get transformed into a more NEP-aligned position. In a country where traditional forms of learning have been prevalent such as writing on a blackboard and reading from the textbook, or ‘rote learning’, teachers will now have to adapt to a new way of teaching which is more hands-on, experiential & inquiry-based.

How We Expect Experiential Learning Methods To Help

Young children learn best with play and activities where they are given opportunities to explore their equipment, surroundings, or techniques to resolve and respond to situations effectively. Experiential learning promotes interest, aptitude and cognitive development, and departs ways from rote learning especially during the primary years of education. Usage of various resources such as flashcards, puppets, story books, etc., to engage the early learners has the desired effect of increasing engagement, retention, and enjoyment of learning too. 

To help educators impart instruction that cleaves away from the traditional practices and incorporate new age (read: 21st century) skills, there exists a need to provide training in how to adapt experiential methods in the class, how to wield technology effectively, and what happens in a child’s brain as they start to learn. Classrooms will benefit from using a blended model of learning, including a strong emphasis on AI and ML-driven learning, which can not only help scale efforts to suit needs of various states, but can even be personalised to individually impact each learner.

Square Panda India’s Teaching-Learning Model

Foundational Learning Program: Square Panda India’s interactive model, combined with storytelling pedagogy are aimed towards developing a real understanding of the subject in question, rather than focusing on rote learning, which aligns with the policy’s goal to teach children ‘how to learn’. Our methodologies align to the unique needs of each child, enhancing their learning outcomes.

Educator Empowerment Program: Our unique training programs:
– The Anganwadi Workers Upskilling Program
– Empowerment & Enrichment Program for ECCE Educators  

work towards empowering early years’ educators-Anganwadi workers, pre-primary and primary teachers-to help them develop holistically, and in turn, impact their students’ learning and development.Early learning experts have always emphasised the importance of deep comprehension of deep meaning over recollection of facts. “Learning cannot happen by memorisation. We have to put what we learn in context of real life, to actually learn,” says Square Panda India MD, Ashish Jhalani, in the very first edition of our educational #EarlyLearningMatters series of panel discussions. Watch session #3, this Saturday and Sunday, only on the Times channels.

A fast-paced world demands academic improvement, and the Indian educational landscape can fare much better when traditional learning is updated with experiential teaching and learning techniques. 

We at Square Panda India are excited to see the changes our Aarambh program can bring to the ECCE ecosystem, with our experiential and innovative programs. Learn more about us: ecce.squarepanda.in

India has always been ahead of the curve, setting up schemes for early childhood development while the rest of the world was just talking about it, says Arjan de Wagt, UNICEF India’s cross-sectoral coordinator for early childhood development. The Indian government’s department of social welfare launched the National Policy for Children in 1974, which highlighted India’s commitment to “provide adequate services to children, both before and after birth and through the period of growth, to ensure their full physical, mental and social development.” A year later, in 1975, India launched its Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) programme, with the help of the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF). One of the largest and most unique integrated early childhood programs in the world, the goal of ICDS was to help feed, educate, and care for vulnerable kids and their mothers. 

ICDS services were offered through a network of anganwadis spread out across every region in India. According to the Ministry of Women and Child Development, every urban or rural community of 400 to 800 people has at least one anganwadi center. In each anganwadi centre, an anganwadi worker takes care of women and children, educates the community, and collects health and nutrition data on women and children. Data from 2017 states that anganwadis delivered preschool services to close to 33 million children.

Presently, official government data shows there are 13.77 lakh anganwadi centres operational in India, with a strength of 12.8 lakh workers and 11.6 lakh helpers. Each anganwadi worker is assigned to approximately 250 homes; this worker knows everything about her community-which family requires prenatal help, which household requires a supply of vitamins, how many homes have young learners, and how old each of them is. These are the people taking care of early education, nutrition, and health in rural areas. Anganwadi workers are connected to the community, to the parents, the children, in a way no other educator is.

Anganwadi centres face a host of challenges-multiple responsibilities of which early childhood education is only one, overpopulation leading to an unfavourable teacher-pupil ratio, crumbling infrastructure, among other problems-and still, anganwadi workers find ways to beat the odds and support their charges at all costs. *Read examples of how anganwadi workers (and other educators) are helping prevent a learning loss during the pandemic, here.

Anganwadi centres are the lifeblood of the rural educational landscape in India and can sometimes be the only foundation for learning these children will ever get.

Acknowledging the worth these centres bring to early education, food, and nutrition, The Women and Child Development Ministry, under whose jurisprudence the anganwadis fall under, plans to upgrade services and facilities at 2.5 lakh anganwadi centres over five years under the Saksham Anganwadi Scheme, according to an Economic Times report dated December 2019. 

The NEP 2020 too, recognised the anganwadi’s contribution, mentioning, “To prepare an initial cadre of high-quality ECCE teachers in Anganwadis, current Anganwadi workers/teachers will be trained through a systematic effort in accordance with the curricular/pedagogical framework developed by NCERT.“

What Can We Do To Support Anganwadis To Improve The Quality Of Education?

• Support from multiple levels/stakeholders: The anganwadi centres don’t exist in silos; they are an intrinsic part of the community and must be treated as such. Strong guidance and backing are required across all levels, starting from the homes and moving up to the policymakers. There is a need to understand each problem these centres face, address each one, and work on plans and schemes to improve the quality in each anganwadi.
• Develop their skills through training programs: To ensure better outcomes across anganwadi centres, it is imperative that these catalysts of change are exposed to holistic development programs. Take Square Panda‘s Anganwadi Workers Upskilling Program, for instance, which empowers them with knowledge of ECCE and methods to create a conducive learning environment, to make children school ready and transform the anganwadi centre to their fullest potential. Our trainers can even teach in multiple vernacular languages for optimal understanding.
• Create a more comprehensive support system using AI and ML: Technology can be wielded to develop tools and aids to reduce anganwadi workers’ burden. Problems and queries can be dealt with quickly and expertly, using multilingual applications that connect anganwadi workers with early learning experts.
• Develop the centres themselves: A positive experience in these centres could translate into a journey into formal schooling, thereby improving their futures. At present, many anganwadis suffer from a lack of essential architecture and resources, making them less inviting to impressionable young minds. Recognising the worth of developing these centres, the NEP 2020 has mentioned in its policy a plan to strengthen anganwadis with “high-quality infrastructure, play equipment, and well-trained Anganwadi workers/teachers.“

Anganwadis nourish our children in the most crucial period of their lives, a period when their brain develops the most; to ensure universal access to ECCE, these centres need all-round support and training in pedagogy, digital literacy, and foundational literacy and numeracy.

See how Square Panda works to upskill anganwadi workers, here.

The NEP 2020 gives some much-needed attention to the role of assessments in education. In their vision to better the Indian educational landscape, the Ministry of Education is moving away from the old method of assessing, learning and reimagining the entire system to make use of this powerful tool correctly.

Presently, assessments in India, particularly in ECCE, garner no clear data to show the actual learning outcomes at the lower grades, particularly at key stages of transition, from primary to middle school, and then to senior. Thus, there is no opportunity for correction, leaving these young children with learning gaps until much later in life. “Assessment is more than adding remarks to a child’s mark sheet. *Watch us cover insightful educational topics for parents and educators, each week, in the Square Panda Sundays Expert Talk series!

The policy mentions assessments as one of its foundational principles, stating that there is a need to ‘focus on regular formative assessment for learning rather than the summative assessment that encourages today’s coaching culture’. Essentially, for a sturdy foundational learning base where young students achieve appropriate developmental goals, the education system needs to adopt a more formative assessment approach, as opposed to the current summative format.

*Formative Assessment is a wide range of formal and informal methods teachers use to evaluate student comprehension, learning needs, and academic progress, so they can modify their teaching and learning activities to improve student attainment. Some common methods include quizzes, conversations, activities, and more.

*Summative Assessment is taken at the end of instruction, usually conducted at the end of each term. This pen-and-paper approach takes the form of Board exams and terminal exams.

What Will Change

– Report Cards: No longer the same ‘mark sheet’, report cards will include details of each child’s development in the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains. It will also show self-assessment and peer assessment, and progress of the child in project-based and inquiry-based learning, quizzes, role plays, group work, portfolios, etc., along with the teacher’s assessment.

– AI-based Software To Support Students: The policy also supports the development and usage of AI-based software like Square Panda’s very own built-in assessment tool, which monitors real-time progress through our early learning platform, allowing educators and parents insight into each child’s learning process.

– School Examinations: To effectively track progress throughout the school years and not just at the end of grades 10 and 12, all students will take school examinations in Grades 3, 5, and 8, to test learning outcomes and application of knowledge in real-life, rather than focus on rote memorisation. Grade 3 examinations, in particular, will test students on the acquisition of foundational skills like early literacy, numeracy, and more. 

– PARAKH: A new National Assessment Centre called (Performance Assessment, Review, and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development) or PARAKH, has been proposed to be set up, to create basic assessment standards to be followed by all educational bodies. Coming under the purview of the Ministry of Education, this move could change the Indian educational sector forever, creating a new regulatory body for quality checks, and providing regular student data for better learning outcomes.

The Impact Of NEP-Reimagined Assessments

The aim of the NEP 2020 is to get in place a system of ongoing assessments right from the foundational level, to track and individualise each student’s learning. The potential impact such a system could have on the Indian educational system:

• Focuses On The Right Learning Outcomes: A formative style of assessment analyses critical thinking skills, clarity of concepts, and overall skill development, rather than simply checking memory stores of students at the end of the year.

• Stress-Free Learning: This new culture of evaluating the learning will help make the assessment process non-threatening for the students, reducing their exam fear to a great extent.
• Continuously Measuring Classroom Performance: A formative assessment style is typically periodic in nature, and involves an ongoing effort by educators. This showcases each student’s growth pattern throughout the year, while allowing the teacher to address individual children’s challenges in real-time, rather than wait for the year-end results.

There is a need for a robust system of assessment to help educators evaluate the progress of each student, and identify their strengths and weaknesses. This will help improve teaching methods as they identify the gaps in their teaching. The pace of learning for all the children is not the same and effective assessment tools will help educators understand the different learning levels of each child, which in turn will help them to customize the learning techniques as per each learner’s needs, something that the NEP 2020 is striving towards.

*Square Panda’s foundational learning programs and educator empowerment programs include continuous monitoring and assessments that are perfectly aligned with the NEP 2020’s vision.

What are your thoughts on the assessment system as the NEP envisions it? What would you like to see?